Bert概述
BERT(Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers)是一种深度学习模型,用于自然语言处理(NLP)任务。BERT的核心是由一种强大的神经网络架构——Transformer驱动的。这种架构包含了一种称为自注意力的机制,使BERT能够根据上下文(前后文)来衡量每个词的重要性。这种上下文感知赋予BERT生成上下文化词嵌入的能力,即考虑句子中词义的词表示。这就像BERT反复阅读句子以深入理解每个词的作用。
BERT的训练方式有两种:Masked Language Model和Next Sentence Prediction。参考这里
基于BERT实现文本情感分类
所谓情感分类就是指判断句子是积极情感还是消极情感,例如说“今天这顿饭太美味了”是积极的情感,“今天这顿饭简直吃不下去”是消极的情感。
基于BERT完成情感分类的基本思路如图所示。我们知道BERT是一个预训练模型,我们把句子扔给它的时候,它对应每个字都会输出一个向量。但是在把句子扔给BERT之前,我们会在句子最前面增加一个特殊符号[CLS]。对应这个[CLS],BERT也会输出一个向量,我们就是利用这个向量来进行情感分类。为什么可以直接利用这个向量呢?这是因为BERT内部采用的是自注意力机制,自注意力机制的特点是考虑全局又聚焦重点,实际上[CLS]对应的向量已经嵌入了整个句子的信息,而且重点词字嵌入的信息权重要大。所以,我们将这个向量扔给一个全连接层,就可以完成分类任务了。参考这里
代码
数据预处理
数据集的下载,提取码为zfh3
import pandas as pd import os import logging logging.basicConfig(format='%(asctime)s - %(levelname)s - %(name)s - %(message)s', datefmt='%m/%d/%Y %H:%M:%S', level=logging.INFO) logger = logging.getLogger(__name__) class InputExample(object): """A single training/test example for simple sequence classification.""" def __init__(self, text, label=None): self.text = text self.label = label class InputFeatures(object): """A single set of features of data.""" def __init__(self, input_ids, input_mask, segment_ids, label_id): self.input_ids = input_ids self.input_mask = input_mask self.segment_ids = segment_ids self.label_id = label_id class DataProcessor(object): """Base class for data converters for sequence classification data sets.""" def get_train_examples(self, data_dir): """Gets a collection of `InputExample`s for the train set.""" raise NotImplementedError() def get_dev_examples(self, data_dir): """Gets a collection of `InputExample`s for the dev set.""" raise NotImplementedError() def get_test_examples(self, data_dir): """Gets a collection of `InputExample`s for the test set.""" raise NotImplementedError() def get_labels(self): """Gets the list of labels for this data set.""" raise NotImplementedError() @classmethod def _read_csv(cls, input_file, quotechar=None): """Reads a tab separated value file.""" # dicts = [] data = pd.read_csv(input_file) return data class MyPro(DataProcessor): '''自定义数据读取方法,针对json文件 Returns: examples: 数据集,包含index、中文文本、类别三个部分 ''' def get_train_examples(self, data_dir): return self._create_examples( self._read_csv(os.path.join(data_dir, 'train_data.csv')), 'train') def get_dev_examples(self, data_dir): return self._create_examples( self._read_csv(os.path.join(data_dir, 'dev_data.csv')), 'dev') def get_test_examples(self, data_dir): return self._create_examples( self._read_csv(os.path.join(data_dir, 'test_data.csv')), 'test') def get_labels(self): return [0, 1] def _create_examples(self, data, set_type): examples = [] for index, row in data.iterrows(): # guid = "%s-%s" % (set_type, i) text = row['review'] label = row['label'] examples.append( InputExample(text=text, label=label)) return examples def convert_examples_to_features(examples, label_list, max_seq_length, tokenizer, show_exp=True): '''Loads a data file into a list of `InputBatch`s. Args: examples : [List] 输入样本,句子和label label_list : [List] 所有可能的类别,0和1 max_seq_length: [int] 文本最大长度 tokenizer : [Method] 分词方法 Returns: features: input_ids : [ListOf] token的id,在chinese模式中就是每个分词的id,对应一个word vector input_mask : [ListOfInt] 真实字符对应1,补全字符对应0 segment_ids: [ListOfInt] 句子标识符,第一句全为0,第二句全为1 label_id : [ListOfInt] 将Label_list转化为相应的id表示 ''' label_map = {} for (i, label) in enumerate(label_list): label_map[label] = i features = [] for (ex_index, example) in enumerate(examples): # 分词 tokens = tokenizer.tokenize(example.text) # tokens进行编码 encode_dict = tokenizer.encode_plus(text=tokens, max_length=max_seq_length, pad_to_max_length=True, is_pretokenized=True, return_token_type_ids=True, return_attention_mask=True) input_ids = encode_dict['input_ids'] input_mask = encode_dict['attention_mask'] segment_ids = encode_dict['token_type_ids'] assert len(input_ids) == max_seq_length assert len(input_mask) == max_seq_length assert len(segment_ids) == max_seq_length label_id = label_map[example.label] if ex_index < 5 and show_exp: logger.info("*** Example ***") logger.info("tokens: %s" % " ".join( [str(x) for x in tokens])) logger.info("input_ids: %s" % " ".join([str(x) for x in input_ids])) logger.info("input_mask: %s" % " ".join([str(x) for x in input_mask])) logger.info( "segment_ids: %s" % " ".join([str(x) for x in segment_ids])) logger.info("label: %s (id = %d)" % (example.label, label_id)) features.append( InputFeatures(input_ids=input_ids, input_mask=input_mask, segment_ids=segment_ids, label_id=label_id)) return features
如何理解?
将原始文本数据通过分词、编码等步骤转换为模型训练所需的格式,包括input_ids(编码后的token)、input_mask(注意力掩码)和segment_ids(token类型ids)。这些数据将作为模型的输入。
假设我们有一个文本示例,并且我们使用BERT分词器进行预处理。以下是示例文本和初始化分词器的代码:
from transformers import BertTokenizer # 示例文本 text = "Hello, how are you?" # 初始化BERT分词器 tokenizer = BertTokenizer.from_pretrained('bert-base-uncased') # 假设最大序列长度为10 max_seq_length = 10
接下来,我们将通过上面的代码片段对文本进行预处理:
# 假设我们的examples是一个包含单个文本的列表 examples = [{'text': text}] # 遍历示例列表 for (ex_index, example) in enumerate(examples): # 分词 tokens = tokenizer.tokenize(example['text']) # tokens进行编码 encode_dict = tokenizer.encode_plus( text=tokens, max_length=max_seq_length, pad_to_max_length=True, is_pretokenized=True, return_token_type_ids=True, return_attention_mask=True ) input_ids = encode_dict['input_ids'] input_mask = encode_dict['attention_mask'] segment_ids = encode_dict['token_type_ids'] # 打印结果 print(f"Example {ex_index}") print(f"Tokens: {tokens}") print(f"Input IDs: {input_ids}") print(f"Input Mask: {input_mask}") print(f"Segment IDs: {segment_ids}")
执行上述代码后,我们将得到以下输出(输出可能会根据BERT模型的版本和分词器设置略有不同):
Example 0 Tokens: ['Hello', ',', 'how', 'are', 'you', '?'] Input IDs: [101, 7592, 1010, 2129, 2026, 102, 0, 0, 0, 0] Input Mask: [1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0] Segment IDs: [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]
解释输出:
- Tokens: 这是分词后的结果,原始文本被拆分为BERT模型可以理解的token。
- Input IDs: 每个token被转换为一个唯一的整数ID,表示其在词汇表中的位置。
- Input Mask: 表示哪些位置是真正的token(1),哪些位置是填充的(0)。在这个例子中,填充的部分是最后四个0。
- Segment IDs: 由于我们只有一个句子,所以所有token的segment ID都是0。如果文本包含多个句子,第二个句子的token将有一个不同的segment ID(通常是1)。
数据处理成dataSet
import torch from torch.utils.data import Dataset class MyDataset(Dataset): def __init__(self, features, mode): self.nums = len(features) self.input_ids = [torch.tensor(example.input_ids).long() for example in features] self.input_mask = [torch.tensor(example.input_mask).float() for example in features] self.segment_ids = [torch.tensor(example.segment_ids).long() for example in features] self.label_id = None if mode == 'train' or 'test': self.label_id = [torch.tensor(example.label_id) for example in features] def __getitem__(self, index): data = {'input_ids': self.input_ids[index], 'input_mask': self.input_mask[index], 'segment_ids': self.segment_ids[index]} if self.label_id is not None: data['label_id'] = self.label_id[index] return data def __len__(self): return self.nums
模型的搭建
from torch import nn import os from transformers import BertModel class ClassifierModel(nn.Module): def __init__(self, bert_dir, dropout_prob=0.1): super(ClassifierModel, self).__init__() config_path = os.path.join(bert_dir, 'config.json') assert os.path.exists(bert_dir) and os.path.exists(config_path), \ 'pretrained bert file does not exist' self.bert_module = BertModel.from_pretrained(bert_dir) self.bert_config = self.bert_module.config self.dropout_layer = nn.Dropout(dropout_prob) out_dims = self.bert_config.hidden_size self.obj_classifier = nn.Linear(out_dims, 2) def forward(self, input_ids, input_mask, segment_ids, label_id=None): bert_outputs = self.bert_module( input_ids=input_ids, attention_mask=input_mask, token_type_ids=segment_ids ) seq_out, pooled_out = bert_outputs[0], bert_outputs[1] #对反向传播及逆行截断 x = pooled_out.detach() out = self.obj_classifier(x) return out
模型的训练
from torch.utils.data import DataLoader from torch.utils.tensorboard import SummaryWriter from model import * from dataset import * from dataProcessor import * import matplotlib.pyplot as plt import time from transformers import BertTokenizer from transformers import logging logging.set_verbosity_warning() # 加载训练数据 datadir = "data" bert_dir = "bert\\bert-chinese" my_processor = MyPro() label_list = my_processor.get_labels() train_data = my_processor.get_train_examples(datadir) test_data = my_processor.get_test_examples(datadir) tokenizer = BertTokenizer.from_pretrained(bert_dir) train_features = convert_examples_to_features(train_data, label_list, 128, tokenizer) test_features = convert_examples_to_features(test_data, label_list, 128, tokenizer) train_dataset = MyDataset(train_features, 'train') test_dataset = MyDataset(test_features, 'test') train_data_loader = DataLoader(dataset=train_dataset, batch_size=64, shuffle=True) test_data_loader = DataLoader(dataset=test_dataset, batch_size=64, shuffle=True) train_data_len = len(train_dataset) test_data_len = len(test_dataset) print(f"训练集长度:{train_data_len}") print(f"测试集长度:{test_data_len}") # 创建网络模型 my_model = ClassifierModel(bert_dir) # 损失函数 loss_fn = nn.CrossEntropyLoss() # 优化器 learning_rate = 5e-3 #optimizer = torch.optim.SGD(my_model.parameters(), lr=learning_rate) # Adam 参数betas=(0.9, 0.99) optimizer = torch.optim.Adam(my_model.parameters(), lr=learning_rate, betas=(0.9, 0.99)) # 总共的训练步数 total_train_step = 0 # 总共的测试步数 total_test_step = 0 step = 0 epoch = 50 train_loss_his = [] train_totalaccuracy_his = [] test_totalloss_his = [] test_totalaccuracy_his = [] start_time = time.time() my_model.train() for i in range(epoch): print(f"-------第{i}轮训练开始-------") train_total_accuracy = 0 for step, batch_data in enumerate(train_data_loader): # writer.add_images("tarin_data", imgs, total_train_step) print(batch_data['input_ids'].shape) output = my_model(**batch_data) loss = loss_fn(output, batch_data['label_id']) train_accuracy = (output.argmax(1) == batch_data['label_id']).sum() train_total_accuracy = train_total_accuracy + train_accuracy optimizer.zero_grad() loss.backward() optimizer.step() total_train_step = total_train_step + 1 train_loss_his.append(loss) #writer.add_scalar("train_loss", loss.item(), total_train_step) train_total_accuracy = train_total_accuracy / train_data_len print(f"训练集上的准确率:{train_total_accuracy}") train_totalaccuracy_his.append(train_total_accuracy) # 测试开始 total_test_loss = 0 my_model.eval() test_total_accuracy = 0 with torch.no_grad(): for batch_data in test_data_loader: output = my_model(**batch_data) loss = loss_fn(output, batch_data['label_id']) total_test_loss = total_test_loss + loss test_accuracy = (output.argmax(1) == batch_data['label_id']).sum() test_total_accuracy = test_total_accuracy + test_accuracy test_total_accuracy = test_total_accuracy / test_data_len print(f"测试集上的准确率:{test_total_accuracy}") print(f"测试集上的loss:{total_test_loss}") test_totalloss_his.append(total_test_loss) test_totalaccuracy_his.append(test_total_accuracy) torch.save(my_model, "bert_{}.pth".format(i)) print("模型已保存")
模型的预测
# 假设这是您的分词器和预处理函数 from torch.utils.data import DataLoader from transformers import BertTokenizer import torch from dataProcessor import convert_examples_to_features, MyPro, InputExample from dataset import MyDataset bert_dir = "bert\\bert-chinese" tokenizer = BertTokenizer.from_pretrained(bert_dir) my_processor = MyPro() label_list = my_processor.get_labels() # 从键盘读取输入 input_text = input("请输入一句话来判断其情感:") # 创建一个InputExample对象 input_texts = InputExample(text=input_text, label=0) # 假设0表示消极,1表示积极 # 使用convert_examples_to_features函数处理输入语句 test_features = convert_examples_to_features([input_texts], label_list, 128, tokenizer) test_dataset = MyDataset(test_features, 'test') test_data_loader = DataLoader(dataset=test_dataset, batch_size=64, shuffle=True) # 加载模型 my_model = torch.load("bert_10.pth", map_location=torch.device('cpu')) my_model.eval() with torch.no_grad(): for batch_data in test_data_loader: outputs = my_model(**batch_data) # 判断类别 if outputs.argmax().item() == 1: print("积极") else: print("消极")
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